Stay informed about the top 11 deadliest diseases projected for 2025, including bird flu, antimicrobial-resistant bacteria, and cholera.
As we navigate an ever-evolving global health landscape, staying informed about emerging and resurging diseases is crucial. Experts have identified several threats that could significantly impact public health in 2025. From zoonotic viruses to antimicrobial resistance, here’s a comprehensive look at the top 11 deadliest diseases to watch for in the coming year.
1. Bird Flu
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Avian influenza, commonly known as bird flu, primarily affects birds but has the potential to infect various species, including humans. Recent asymptomatic cases in equine species have raised concerns about hidden transmission vectors. The first U.S. human fatality linked to poultry exposure occurred in Louisiana, underscoring the virus’s pandemic potential. While widespread human-to-human transmission hasn’t occurred yet, vigilance remains essential.
2. Antimicrobial-Resistant Bacteria
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Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a growing global crisis, causing approximately 1.27 million deaths annually. Both the World Health Organization (WHO) and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) have highlighted the urgent need for responsible antibiotic use and international collaboration. Initiatives aim to reduce AMR-related deaths by 10% by 2030 and develop five new treatments by 2025 through the Global Antibiotic Research & Development Partnership.
3. Cholera
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Cholera, caused by contaminated food or water, remains a significant global health issue, with up to 4 million cases reported annually. In 2024 alone, 28 countries documented 371,517 cases resulting in 2,527 deaths. Factors such as displacement, natural disasters, and climate change contribute to the spread of outbreaks. Despite increased vaccine production, shortages persist. The Global Task Force on Cholera Control’s “Roadmap 2030” aims to reduce cholera deaths globally by 90%.
4. Chikungunya
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Transmitted by Aedes mosquitoes, Chikungunya causes severe joint pain and fever, with symptoms potentially lasting from months to years. In 2024, over 480,000 cases and 200 deaths were reported worldwide. A new vaccine has been approved in the U.S., and a large study is underway in East Africa to assess its impact. Notably, Chikungunya also increases the risk of developing arthritis, making prevention a top priority.
5. COVID
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As of 2025, COVID-19 continues to be a global concern, with the emergence of the highly transmissible Omicron subvariant XEC. Vaccines remain effective against severe outcomes, and health officials recommend that everyone aged six months and older receive current vaccinations. Ongoing research by the Joint Committee on Vaccination and Immunisation (JCVI) ensures that COVID-19 vaccines are evaluated alongside regular immunizations for cost-effectiveness.
6. Dengue Fever
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Dengue fever is on the rise globally, with over 7.6 million cases and 3,000 deaths confirmed by April 2024. The Americas have been particularly affected in recent years. A new dengue vaccine, TAK-003, has recently been authorized for use in children in high-risk locations. Despite improvements, the increasing number of cases demands enhanced tracking, mosquito control, and public awareness to effectively combat the worldwide outbreak.
7. Measles
Measles is making a concerning comeback, with global cases increasing by 20% between 2022 and 2023 due to decreased vaccination rates. Coverage dropped during the pandemic, reaching its lowest point since 2008. Europe reported a 45-fold increase in cases, while the United Kingdom declared it a “national incident.” Health experts emphasize the importance of increasing vaccination efforts to prevent future outbreaks.
8. Disease X – The Unknown Threat
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Disease X is a placeholder name for an unknown pathogen that could cause a future pandemic. Scientists believe that with deforestation, climate change, and increased human-animal interaction, new deadly viruses could emerge at any time. COVID-19 was once an “unknown” disease, proving how quickly a novel virus can spread worldwide.
11. Scabies
By Sven Teschke – Own work, CC BY-SA 3.0, Link
Scabies cases have surged in the UK, with rates tripling in recent years, particularly in northern England. This highly contagious skin condition spreads through close contact, causing intense itching and red rashes. Treatment typically involves topical creams and oral ivermectin, but health officials emphasize early detection and treating all close contacts—even those without symptoms—to prevent outbreaks.
12. West Nile Fever
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West Nile Fever is spreading rapidly across Europe, with 1,436 cases reported in 2024—almost double the number from 2023. Greece, Italy, Spain, and Hungary have been hit hardest. While most infections are mild or asymptomatic, severe cases can lead to life-threatening complications like encephalitis. As mosquito populations expand due to climate change, experts stress the need for increased awareness and stronger prevention measures.
13. Whooping Cough (Pertussis)
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Whooping cough is making a dangerous comeback, with Australia recording its highest number of cases in 2024. Infants under six months are most at risk, and declining vaccination rates are a key factor in the resurgence. Health experts urge pregnant women and caregivers to get the Tdap vaccine to protect newborns and prevent the further spread of this highly contagious respiratory disease.
Staying informed and proactive in health measures is vital as we face these evolving threats. Public health initiatives, vaccination programs, and individual awareness play crucial roles in combating these diseases and safeguarding global health in 2025 and beyond.